by Leonard Schatzman and Anselm L. Strauss
- Observing without listening is quite impossible
- Researcher’s sense (or analysis) must take into account the way that the actors themselves understand what they are doing.
- Require the meaning of human activities (not merely the motion of objects)
- Listen to (or read) the symbolic sounds
- Create social science on what hear and see
Listening without Watching p.68
- ถ้าไม่รู้ background และบริบท ก็อาจจะไม่เข้าใจ ไม่สามารถตีความได้อย่างลึกซึ้ง และการ check คำพูดของผู้ให้ข้อมูล
- Advantage to Watching and listening simultaneous …capable of generating ideas…better for exploring
- การตอบคำถามแบบเอาใจ เพราะรู้ว่าเป็นนักวิจัย / บางคนหลบเลี่ยง
- Reality and authenticity from perspective of the actors
- Believe everything and nothing simultaneous
- May nod but nod is a sign of understanding not necessarily agreement
- May pretend disagreement or skepticism in order to elicit additional or more candid statement
- Is reveal designation of the thing / because reveal presumed relation among all the designations
- Listening require getting all of the you know
- Assume that some aspects of numerous realities will reflect the speaker’s uniqueness or idiosyncrasies
- Attend to the host
- Researcher must be a good role- taker
- The role-taking process
(1) Understanding requiring systematic listening without applying one own analytic categories
(2) Comparative analysis what he is hearing against what other(in like or diff. position)
(3) Applying his own initial and developing framework
Forms of Listening p. 70
- Listen to …symbolic sound …to supplement and correct observation
1. Eavesdropping (การลอบฟังความลับ ลอบฟังการสนทนา)
- Actors-constructed information
- Elicit information both with and without awareness of his presence
- Overhearing (การได้ยินโดยบังเอิญ ก็อาจจะทำให้พบสิ่งสำคัญก็ได้)
- Listening to unsolicited sound is equivalent to watching the ongoing existential scenceof activity
- Include causal conversation
2. Situational conversation or incidental questions
- Brief questioning p. 71
- Resort to on-the-spot questioning when unsolicited verbal confound (งง สับสน ปะปน)
- More controlled and less time-consuming than Eavesdropping
3. Interviewing
- Lengthier interview for detail, clarity, explanation
- Economical for data gathering
- Question-answer form : interviewer can control the flow of information
- Innumerable occasions-on or off the scene
- Lengthier interview relatively private or confidential (less public setting, can record by agreement
- ที่ผ่านมา craft of conversation was transformed into formal interview เพราะอิทธิพลของ survey research ที่มีการกำหนดหัวข้อ คำถามที่เป็นมาตรฐาน เพื่อเก็บข้อมูลจากคนจำนวนมาก
- แต่ก็อาจจะไม่มีประโยชน์สำหรับการวิจัยสนาม
- การสนทนา ผู้ตอบสามารถอธิบายได้ว่า ทำไมถึงเลือกสิ่งนี้ มากกว่าอีกสิ่ง
- Prearrangement
- การสังเกต gestures and signal ex intended humor, stupid utter, body movement, facial expression
- Interviewer does not use a specific, ordered list of questions because this amount of formality would destroy conversation
- Should: list in mind, flexible to order
- Tug o war การเล่นชักเย่อระหว่างผู้สัมภาษณ์กับผู้ถูกสัมภาษณ์ อย่าให้ใครครอบงำการสนทนา
- การสังเกต และการใช้ท่าทางต่างๆ อาทิ การใช้มือเพื่อดึงดูดความสนใจ จังหวะการหายใจ-การพูด เพื่อหาจังหวะแทรกที่เหมาะสม
Interview Tactics p. 73
1. Converstion
- relationships
- capable of continuity
- ไม่จบการสนทนาด้วยการ good bye เพราะเมื่อไปย่อยข้อมูลแล้ว อาจจะมีบางประเด็นกลับมาถามเพิ่ม
- suspended than terminated
- properties of continuity: pleased, eager to be herd again
Content comparability p. 75
- Comparability in content to interviews with other members of the same class of informant
- Make intraclass and interclass comparison on attitudes, commitment, roles and the like
- Time to discover the significant classes and time to form relationships
- Developed hypotheses and propositions
- Key points: (1) systematically (2) when necessary for checking important propositions during the research
Health Professional Interview p. 77
- Direct observe = heart
- Interview = provide context or meaning
Additional Interviewing Tactics p. 80
: As relationships between researcher and host change, alterations in interview approach will change
At first:
- researcher has been naïve
- most of questions consisted of reportorial type – who what where when why and how of events
Later stages
- increasing sophistication and interpersonal familiarity
- questions can be more aggressive to elicit new kind of informations
ex
1. The Devil’s advocate Question : taking the role of informant’s opponent
2. The hypothetical Question
3. Posing the Ideal: ให้ผู้ให้ข้อมูลพูด หรือ ผู้สัมภาษณ์พูด แล้วเปรียบเทียบ
4. Offering Interpretations or Testing Propositions on Informants: ask informants how the idea square with his understanding of some situation, condition, process or relationship
5. Group Interview (multiple-respondent interview) for revealing variations in perspective and attitude
6. Tracing : following a single person on his normal tour of activities throughout a given period of time BUT costly in expenditure of time
Interviews: Contingencies and Forms p. 83
- No cookbook recipes for Interviewing
- Essential to think in terms of an array of contingencies that may affect the content of a given interview
Expected duration
- Longer interviews allow interviewer to ease slowly and sociably into he heart of interview
Single interviews versus series
- Building good relationships and getting good informations
- จะทำอย่างไรไม่ให้ มีการ violating the spirit and the forms of previous conversations
Setting
- การสนทนาที่เหมาะในสถานที่หนึ่ง อาจจะไม่เหมาะในอีกสถานที่ก็ได้
- Appropriate conversation
(1) proper topics
(2) proper style of speech
(3) gesture
(4) modes of address
(5) types of interplay
Identities p. 85
(1) outsider
(2) Identity dimension: sex, ages, social class positions….
(3) Mute that diff. and underline similarities of identity
(4) Respondents regards himself as expert, just ordinary, leader or marginal
- Interviewer may maneuver the conversation from one dimension to another depending on purpose
Respondent style p. 86
- Attribute of persons (ทั้งผู้ให้ข้อมูล และผู้สัมภาษณ์) will give shape to the process or the interview
- ผู้สัมภาษณ์ที่มีประสบการณ์จะสังเกตพฤติกรรม การแสดงออก และทำไมจึงมี character นั้นออกมา
Reverse analytic process :
- from understanding the field to understanding the interview
The Host as Strategic Informant
Researcher as
- an active seeker
- initiator of interaction
- utilize a variety of tactics
- work consists in comprehending us including me and work
Host
- messages given by insiders provide diff. data or finer distinctions among event than outsider
- but : frequently interviewer is too intent upon getting what he wants rather than what the respondent most want to talk about
The Interviewer as Strategic Informant p. 88
- good social relations are major instrument in work
Begging off
- simply begs off…honestly indicates does not know enough…just begining to understand
- Begging off tactic works well early in the research
Forestalling (กีดกัน ขัดขวาง ดำเนินการ ชิงทำก่อน)
- Making comment appropriate to what he is watching or listening to
- Ask questions that tell where his interests lie
Giving bits of information p. 90
- Prepare a number of disposable items
- Comment about people and activities that satisfy the requirement of sociability
- Avoid revealing sensitive or unsupported materials
- Support for unhappy, sympathetic explanation, praising statement
- Sometime may not satisfy but can elicit countercomment
Reporting
- Concern with cogency (ความน่าเชื่อถือ) significance, validity
- บางครั้งการพูดแต่สิ่งที่ดี ก็อาจจะถูกตั้งคำถามได้ (ความซื่อสัตย์ ศักดิ์ศรี ความเฉลียวฉลาด)
- Not narrowly judgmental nor critical
- Interpretation of the hosts’ world and their activities is judicious (สมเหตุสมผล)
- Research will have provided his hosts with a kind of mirror
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